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Is smallox vaccination IBD friendly?

Question:

> Many people believe that vaccines are a major cause of autism.  Bush > says he is going to take the smallpox vaccine becuase he wouldn’t ask > the military to do it if he wouldn’t.  I wonder if his will be the > same as theirs. > donoli.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&… "Over the last 3 years a number of studies have addressed this possible link between MMR and autism and inflammatory bowel disease. Studies from the US, UK, Sweden, and Finland have all failed to demonstrate a link." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&… CONCLUSIONS: This study provides strong evidence against the hypothesis that MMR vaccination causes autism. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&… CONCLUSIONS: We did not identify any association between MMR vaccination and encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, or autism. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&… CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide no support for an MMR associated "new variant" form of autism with developmental regression and bowel problems, and further evidence against involvement of MMR vaccine in the initiation of autism. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&… CONCLUSIONS: No evidence was found to support a distinct syndrome of MMR-induced autism or of "autistic enterocolitis." These results add to the recent accumulation of large-scale epidemiologic studies that all failed to support an association between MMR and autism at population level. When combined, the current findings do not argue for changes in current immunization programs and recommendations. I can go on but can you provide any sources other than anecdotal evidence that "vaccines are a major cause of autism"?

Response:

My son’s going to get his masters in college and had all his shots and proof of it while in the army and that was not excepted.  He had to repeat the shots to be excepted.  There is no way around it at least here.  You would think the army documentations, the original at that would be enough but no it wasn’t.  UM MOM Susan

– Hide quoted text — Show quoted text ->In these parts, you don’t get your kid his shots, he doesn’t go to school. >I think it’s a couple of months into the school year, they make the >announcement and the time limit to comply.  I don’t have any kids so I don’t >know if they make any exceptions.  I hear about it on the news. >Libby > There are ways around that school thing. > donoli

Response:

- Hide quoted text — Show quoted text ->> >With the President talking about everyone taking the vaccination I wrote to >> >the CDC and asked if whether the vaccination was safe for me to take have >> >CD. >> I wouldn’t get any vaccine.  I don’t trust them and I have a folder >> about 2 inches thick with files on why they are no good. >> donoli. >Fortunately you could collect a file a thousand times bigger than that >on how valuable they are in saving lives. > I don’t believe that for one minute. > donoli.

You can believe what you want, you certainly don’t sound like someone who worries about facts or valid scientific research.  Measles still kills almost 1 million people a year worldwide, and despite numerous studies and much effort no link between autism and MMR can be found.   Surely you can’t deny that vaccination has been one of the greatest achievements in medicine, ever since Edward Jenner first used cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox over 200 years ago.   Without them diseases like smallpox and polio would still be running rampant throughout the world, killing and disfiguring millions and millions of people.

Response:

- Hide quoted text — Show quoted text -> >With the President talking about everyone taking the vaccination I wrote to > >the CDC and asked if whether the vaccination was safe for me to take have > >CD. > I wouldn’t get any vaccine.  I don’t trust them and I have a folder > about 2 inches thick with files on why they are no good. > donoli. >Fortunately you could collect a file a thousand times bigger than that >on how valuable they are in saving lives.

I don’t believe that for one minute. donoli.

Response:

>In these parts, you don’t get your kid his shots, he doesn’t go to school. >I think it’s a couple of months into the school year, they make the >announcement and the time limit to comply.  I don’t have any kids so I don’t >know if they make any exceptions.  I hear about it on the news. >Libby

There are ways around that school thing. donoli

Response:

> Does anyone know if they’re still growing the virus’ used for this >vaccine in the kidneys of monkeys? Thanks. >Feel well. >William

I’m not sure if that’s still the way it’s done.  Natural Hygiene in Conneticut could answer your questeion.

Response:

>I tend to be skeptical also.  My son is borderline autistic.  I’m not inclined >to believe that it was due to the vaccines, but the stories of other parents >are hard to deny (lack of eye-contact, loss of words, within 12 hours of the >vaccine).  My friends son got many vaccines while he was in the millitary (four >years ago).  He was discharged due to psycological problems and continues to >have medical problems that nobody can explain.  Drug companies make a fortune >off of vaccines.  I’m not radical in my views, but I do lean towards >questioning there safety and their effectiveness. >Diana

Many people believe that vaccines are a major cause of autism.  Bush says he is going to take the smallpox vaccine becuase he wouldn’t ask the military to do it if he wouldn’t.  I wonder if his will be the same as theirs. donoli.

Response:

>> Drug companies make a fortune > off of vaccines. >I have to challenge this. In fact, making vaccines is a losing proposition >for drug companies, and the real danger is that there might be NO domestic >companies making vaccines for use in the U.S. without government protections >and incentives beyond those that already exist. >Wayne Marsh          Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

How are they losing money? donoli.

Response:

 Does anyone know if they’re still growing the virus’ used for this vaccine in the kidneys of monkeys? Thanks. Feel well. William

Response:

hi–vaccines have been a blessing—wiping out so many terrible diseases but, that doesn’t mean they are perfect.  recently the hopkins doctor that oversaw vaccinations in the us (sorry, forgot his name) admitted that he now had his doubts about the mercury used in their manufacture.  it’s a tiny amount but kids get so many shots that he’s afraid of the possible cumulative effects.  the drug companies are afraid that this mercury could lead to lawsuits and lobbied (successfully) to have themselves protected by a provision slipped in the homeland security bill.  hopefully they are working just as hard to take mercury out of  vaccines.   none of this is should concern ibd patients now because it’s a no-brainer–they shouldn’t get this vaccination.  the medicines make them ineligible.  their autoimmune condition makes it unwise.  their possible skin complications make it verboten. i still believe in giving my kids vaccinations but i have a sneaky feeling that they might be causing more side effects than we now realize.  industrialized nations have more ibd (much more) and also give many more vaccinations.  is this coincidence?  whatever, at the very least, they’re a mixed blessing. i had a friend that got polio and i saw him wither and die. our emphasis should be that vaccines are made safer and studied more for possible harmful side effects.  btw, the studies should not be conducted by the drug companies! mel

Response:

In these parts, you don’t get your kid his shots, he doesn’t go to school. I think it’s a couple of months into the school year, they make the announcement and the time limit to comply.  I don’t have any kids so I don’t know if they make any exceptions.  I hear about it on the news. Libby

– Hide quoted text — Show quoted text ->With the President talking about everyone taking the vaccination I wrote to >the CDC and asked if whether the vaccination was safe for me to take have >CD. > I wouldn’t get any vaccine.  I don’t trust them and I have a folder > about 2 inches thick with files on why they are no good. > donoli.

Response:

> Drug companies make a fortune > off of vaccines.

I have to challenge this. In fact, making vaccines is a losing proposition for drug companies, and the real danger is that there might be NO domestic companies making vaccines for use in the U.S. without government protections and incentives beyond those that already exist. Wayne Marsh          Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

Response:

> >With the President talking about everyone taking the vaccination I wrote to >the CDC and asked if whether the vaccination was safe for me to take have >CD. > I wouldn’t get any vaccine.  I don’t trust them and I have a folder > about 2 inches thick with files on why they are no good. > donoli.

Fortunately you could collect a file a thousand times bigger than that on how valuable they are in saving lives.

Response:

President Bush said tonight that he is going to take the vaccination when our soldiers do and that we should not run out yet to get it (not that it is available) because of the serious consequences that the vaccine can cause. UM MOM Susan – Hide quoted text — Show quoted text -> I tend to be skeptical also.  My son is borderline autistic.  I’m not inclined > to believe that it was due to the vaccines, but the stories of other parents > are hard to deny (lack of eye-contact, loss of words, within 12 hours of the > vaccine).  My friends son got many vaccines while he was in the millitary (four > years ago).  He was discharged due to psycological problems and continues to > have medical problems that nobody can explain.  Drug companies make a fortune > off of vaccines.  I’m not radical in my views, but I do lean towards > questioning there safety and their effectiveness. > Diana > While I question the value of a nationwide smallpox vaccination program > in the year 2002, vaccines such as MMR(Measles, Mumps, & Rubella), > DTP(diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus), polio, hepatitis B and others > have greatly increased life span over the past 50 years and still have a > role in health care. > The original doses of smallpox vaccine allowed the virus to be > eliminated entirely from the planet, except for laboratory stocks. > Polio a devastating illness before Salk and Sabin developed vaccines in > the 50s, is nearly wiped out worldwide now.  All because of vaccination. > Billions of vaccine doses have been given out around the world, the risk > of adverse effects is far outweighed.  All valid scientific research has > been unable to find any link whatsoever between MMR and autism as well > as IBD.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&… ds=12421889&dopt=Abstract – Hide quoted text — Show quoted text -> Parents who refuse to have their children vaccinated, have to understand > the danger they put their children in.  Measles, pertussis(whooping > cough), mumps, and diphtheria for example have not been eliminated > entirely from the population and outbreaks can occur among those who > haven’t been vaccinated. > These are serious illnesses that shouldn’t be dismissed, it’s a shame > when you hear about a child who becomes gravely ill with measles because > their parents didn’t allow them to be vaccinated. > Also pregnant women who haven’t been vaccinated against rubella(german > measles) put their fetus at risk. > Bad reactions do occur rarely, but improvements are being made on > vaccines all the time.  Many are attempting to use less material to > induce  an immune response, without the negative side effects. > I still believe no one should be forced to do anything, but not being > vaccinated is a dangerous road to travel down, especially with herd > immunity dropping all the time as fewer people in the population get > vaccinations.

Response:

People tend to want to equate illness with something else that has  happened in the same time frame even if there is no connection. Getting the recommended vaccines are very important for little kids. Debs – Hide quoted text — Show quoted text – > I tend to be skeptical also.  My son is borderline autistic.  I’m not inclined > to believe that it was due to the vaccines, but the stories of other parents > are hard to deny (lack of eye-contact, loss of words, within 12 hours of the > vaccine).  My friends son got many vaccines while he was in the millitary (four > years ago).  He was discharged due to psycological problems and continues to > have medical problems that nobody can explain.  Drug companies make a fortune > off of vaccines.  I’m not radical in my views, but I do lean towards > questioning there safety and their effectiveness. > Diana

Response:

> I tend to be skeptical also.  My son is borderline autistic.  I’m not inclined > to believe that it was due to the vaccines, but the stories of other parents > are hard to deny (lack of eye-contact, loss of words, within 12 hours of the > vaccine).  My friends son got many vaccines while he was in the millitary (four > years ago).  He was discharged due to psycological problems and continues to > have medical problems that nobody can explain.  Drug companies make a fortune > off of vaccines.  I’m not radical in my views, but I do lean towards > questioning there safety and their effectiveness. > Diana

While I question the value of a nationwide smallpox vaccination program in the year 2002, vaccines such as MMR(Measles, Mumps, & Rubella), DTP(diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus), polio, hepatitis B and others have greatly increased life span over the past 50 years and still have a role in health care. The original doses of smallpox vaccine allowed the virus to be eliminated entirely from the planet, except for laboratory stocks. Polio a devastating illness before Salk and Sabin developed vaccines in the 50s, is nearly wiped out worldwide now.  All because of vaccination. Billions of vaccine doses have been given out around the world, the risk of adverse effects is far outweighed.  All valid scientific research has been unable to find any link whatsoever between MMR and autism as well as IBD. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&… Parents who refuse to have their children vaccinated, have to understand the danger they put their children in.  Measles, pertussis(whooping cough), mumps, and diphtheria for example have not been eliminated entirely from the population and outbreaks can occur among those who haven’t been vaccinated. These are serious illnesses that shouldn’t be dismissed, it’s a shame when you hear about a child who becomes gravely ill with measles because their parents didn’t allow them to be vaccinated. Also pregnant women who haven’t been vaccinated against rubella(german measles) put their fetus at risk. Bad reactions do occur rarely, but improvements are being made on vaccines all the time.  Many are attempting to use less material to induce  an immune response, without the negative side effects.   I still believe no one should be forced to do anything, but not being vaccinated is a dangerous road to travel down, especially with herd immunity dropping all the time as fewer people in the population get vaccinations.

Response:

> Thanks Bruce.  As for it be transmitted like you say here and what I read > how are we going to be safe since all the personnel in the armed services > will be getting this starting with the ones going over and the medical > people are supposed to be next with the other professionals.   Here is Fla > they already gave the vaccinations to either it was fireman but I believe it > was some police officers.  So how do we know who has and hasn’t had the > shot?  This sounds like it can cause more harm than good to the populous to > me. Am I reading things into this that I shouldn’t be?  UM MOM Susan

I wouldn’t worry too much about it just yet, however your concerns are probably warranted.  The risk of transfer does exist but it is still quite small since the transfer would have to occur from the scab that forms at the injection site after vaccination.  This means that very close contact would be necessary.  While the transfer of smallpox vaccine (vaccinia) is not going to cause smallpox, it can cause potentially life threatening infections so it still be treated with respect. I just hope things don’t get carried away and mandatory vaccinations are implemented.  I’d hate to think that thousands of people could die needlessly and others put at risk from various complications from the vaccine when the risk of smallpox can’t be measured. Also there is the horrifying prospect that the smallpox cultures that may be held by terrorist organizations may be genetically altered so that current small vaccine stocks do not provide adequate protection. Here’s a good mainstream overview of smallpox for those interested. http://www.msnbc.com/news/819847.asp?0cv=CA01&cp1=1

Response:

>With the President talking about everyone taking the vaccination I wrote to >the CDC and asked if whether the vaccination was safe for me to take have >CD.  

I wouldn’t get any vaccine.  I don’t trust them and I have a folder about 2 inches thick with files on why they are no good. donoli.

Response:

I tend to be skeptical also.  My son is borderline autistic.  I’m not inclined to believe that it was due to the vaccines, but the stories of other parents are hard to deny (lack of eye-contact, loss of words, within 12 hours of the vaccine).  My friends son got many vaccines while he was in the millitary (four years ago).  He was discharged due to psycological problems and continues to have medical problems that nobody can explain.  Drug companies make a fortune off of vaccines.  I’m not radical in my views, but I do lean towards questioning there safety and their effectiveness. Diana

Response:

Thanks Bruce.  As for it be transmitted like you say here and what I read how are we going to be safe since all the personnel in the armed services will be getting this starting with the ones going over and the medical people are supposed to be next with the other professionals.   Here is Fla they already gave the vaccinations to either it was fireman but I believe it was some police officers.  So how do we know who has and hasn’t had the shot?  This sounds like it can cause more harm than good to the populous to me. Am I reading things into this that I shouldn’t be?  UM MOM Susan – Hide quoted text — Show quoted text -> I agree with you totally!  I just looked at one of the links I posted and it > just doesn’t show that it is a smart thing to take.  I don’t understand why > they said it wouldn’t be a problem with cd yet it mentions drugs we take, > skin problems and some other stuff that we might have or could have problems > with later.  If they do the mass population it is going to be on a voluntary > basis.  But what concerns me is the transfer to others that is possible by > those who receive it.  Are we supposed to hide from public and for how long? > UM MOM Susan > http://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/protocols/vaccinia_info.html > WHO SHOULD NOT BE VACCINATED > -Persons with diseases or conditions which cause immunodeficiency, such > as leukemia, lymphoma, generalized malignancy, agammaglobulinemia, or > therapy with alkylating agents, antimetabolites, radiation, or large > doses of corticosteroids and immunosuppressing drugs. > -Persons whose household contacts have with or conditions which cause > immunodeficiency, such as leukemia, lymphoma, generalized malignancy, > agammaglobulinemia, or therapy with alkylating agents, antimetabolites, > radiation, or large doses of corticosteroids and immunosuppressing > drugs. > This would indicate that a large number of those with IBD and other > illnesses requiring immunosuppressive therapy are at risk.  Things have > changed quite a bit in the past 30 years, a lot more people are now > living with a compromised immune system due to HIV/AIDS, more > transplants, autoimmune illnesses, etc. which put individuals at risk. > There is a risk of transfer from those who have been vaccinated to > household or other contacts(this is from 1991 but still valid): > http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00042032.htm > Transmission of vaccinia may occur when a recently vaccinated person has > contact with a susceptible person. In the CDC 10-state survey of > complications of smallpox vaccination, the risk of transmission to > contacts was 27 infections per million total vaccinations; 44% of these > contact cases occurred among children less than or equal to 5 years of > age. >  Since 1980, several occurrences of contact transmission of > vaccinia from recently vaccinated military recruits have been reported, > including six cases transmitted by a single vaccine recipient.

Response:

Guess I don’t have to worry about getting the vaccine since I have psoriasis and it is NEVER completely healed. This is from one of Susan’s links: *Skin conditions such as burns, chickenpox, shingles, impetigo, herpes, severe acne, or psoriasis. (People with any of these conditions should not get the vaccine until they have completely healed.) * ~~~~Pat CD Class of 98 – Hide quoted text — Show quoted text ->"sdores" wrote > I agree with you totally!  I just looked at one of the links I posted and it > just doesn’t show that it is a smart thing to take.  I don’t understand why > they said it wouldn’t be a problem with cd yet it mentions drugs we take, > skin problems and some other stuff that we might have or could have problems > with later.  If they do the mass population it is going to be on a voluntary > basis.  But what concerns me is the transfer to others that is possible by > those who receive it.  Are we supposed to hide from public and for how long? > UM MOM Susan

Response:

> I agree with you totally!  I just looked at one of the links I posted and it > just doesn’t show that it is a smart thing to take.  I don’t understand why > they said it wouldn’t be a problem with cd yet it mentions drugs we take, > skin problems and some other stuff that we might have or could have problems > with later.  If they do the mass population it is going to be on a voluntary > basis.  But what concerns me is the transfer to others that is possible by > those who receive it.  Are we supposed to hide from public and for how long? > UM MOM Susan

http://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/protocols/vaccinia_info.html WHO SHOULD NOT BE VACCINATED -Persons with diseases or conditions which cause immunodeficiency, such as leukemia, lymphoma, generalized malignancy, agammaglobulinemia, or therapy with alkylating agents, antimetabolites, radiation, or large doses of corticosteroids and immunosuppressing drugs. -Persons whose household contacts have with or conditions which cause immunodeficiency, such as leukemia, lymphoma, generalized malignancy, agammaglobulinemia, or therapy with alkylating agents, antimetabolites, radiation, or large doses of corticosteroids and immunosuppressing drugs. This would indicate that a large number of those with IBD and other illnesses requiring immunosuppressive therapy are at risk.  Things have changed quite a bit in the past 30 years, a lot more people are now living with a compromised immune system due to HIV/AIDS, more transplants, autoimmune illnesses, etc. which put individuals at risk. There is a risk of transfer from those who have been vaccinated to household or other contacts(this is from 1991 but still valid): http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00042032.htm Transmission of vaccinia may occur when a recently vaccinated person has contact with a susceptible person. In the CDC 10-state survey of complications of smallpox vaccination, the risk of transmission to contacts was 27 infections per million total vaccinations; 44% of these contact cases occurred among children less than or equal to 5 years of age.  Since 1980, several occurrences of contact transmission of vaccinia from recently vaccinated military recruits have been reported, including six cases transmitted by a single vaccine recipient.

Response:

With the President talking about everyone taking the vaccination I wrote to the CDC and asked if whether the vaccination was safe for me to take have CD.  I haven’t had  a chance to check out the links but I thought you all might be interested in case you are asked to take it.  UM MOM Susan, sorry for the blue, they sent it this way and I didn’t know how to change it. Thank your for your inquiry. This is in response to your email to the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) regarding the smallpox vaccine. CBER, one of six centers within FDA, is responsible for the regulation of biologically-derived products, including blood intended for transfusion, blood components and derivatives, vaccines and allergenic extracts. These links will provide additional information to answer any additional questions you may have: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/index.asp http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/faq.asp Having said that, Crohn’s disease should not specifically preclude you from being immunized. Who should NOT get the vaccine? People who should not get the vaccine include anyone who is allergic to the vaccine or any of its components; pregnant women; women who are breastfeeding; anyone under 12 months of age; people who have, or have had, skin conditions (especially eczema and atopic dermatitis); and people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have received a transplant, are HIV positive, are receiving treatment for cancer, or are taking medications (like steroids) that suppress the immune system. (The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP] advises against non-emergency use of smallpox vaccine in anyone under 18 years of age.) These people should not receive the vaccine unless they have been exposed to smallpox.

Response:

> With the President talking about everyone taking the vaccination I wrote to > the CDC and asked if whether the vaccination was safe for me to take have > CD.  I haven’t had  a chance to check out the links but I thought you all > might be interested in case you are asked to take it.  UM MOM Susan, sorry > for the blue, they sent it this way and I didn’t know how to change it.

<snip> Just to comment on this, I think this is one of the cases where the risk of vaccination far outweighs the benefits of receiving it. The vaccine carries a risk, a certain percentage of those receiving the vaccine will die, and many others will suffer serious adverse effects.   Granted only a very small percentage will die from complications related to the vaccine, no one has even contracted smallpox in the US in over 30 years. The last case of natural smallpox occurred in 1977, 25 years ago, and the US abandoned mass vaccination 30 years ago. Those over 30 may have been vaccinated and have a small scar on their arm to prove it. The only known stocks of smallpox were maintained in the US and Russia and no one knows for sure whether any terrorist groups actually have smallpox cultures or plans to ever use them. The vaccine itself is not actually made using smallpox virus but a similar virus (vaccinia) which is a live not killed virus, posing the usual risks associated with live vaccines. I’m always for vaccination programs for diseases that actually pose a measurable risk, but this is one vaccination program I couldn’t endorse other than for some military personnel or some emergency health care professionals.  If there are ever any plans for a mass vaccination program of the public it would have to be on a volunteer basis. Also check this link out: http://www1.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/news/poxshots.html

Response:

I agree with you totally!  I just looked at one of the links I posted and it just doesn’t show that it is a smart thing to take.  I don’t understand why they said it wouldn’t be a problem with cd yet it mentions drugs we take, skin problems and some other stuff that we might have or could have problems with later.  If they do the mass population it is going to be on a voluntary basis.  But what concerns me is the transfer to others that is possible by those who receive it.  Are we supposed to hide from public and for how long? UM MOM Susan – Hide quoted text — Show quoted text -> With the President talking about everyone taking the vaccination I wrote to > the CDC and asked if whether the vaccination was safe for me to take have > CD.  I haven’t had  a chance to check out the links but I thought you all > might be interested in case you are asked to take it.  UM MOM Susan, sorry > for the blue, they sent it this way and I didn’t know how to change it. > <snip> > Just to comment on this, I think this is one of the cases where the risk > of vaccination far outweighs the benefits of receiving it. The vaccine > carries a risk, a certain percentage of those receiving the vaccine will > die, and many others will suffer serious adverse effects. > Granted only a very small percentage will die from complications related > to the vaccine, no one has even contracted smallpox in the US in over 30 > years. > The last case of natural smallpox occurred in 1977, 25 years ago, and > the US abandoned mass vaccination 30 years ago. Those over 30 may have > been vaccinated and have a small scar on their arm to prove it. The only > known stocks of smallpox were maintained in the US and Russia and no one > knows for sure whether any terrorist groups actually have smallpox > cultures or plans to ever use them. > The vaccine itself is not actually made using smallpox virus but a > similar virus (vaccinia) which is a live not killed virus, posing the > usual risks associated with live vaccines. > I’m always for vaccination programs for diseases that actually pose a > measurable risk, but this is one vaccination program I couldn’t endorse > other than for some military personnel or some emergency health care > professionals.  If there are ever any plans for a mass vaccination > program of the public it would have to be on a volunteer basis. > Also check this link out: > http://www1.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/news/poxshots.html

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